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英国GON、皇家皇冠、MASON、皇家阿尔贝特、TUSCAM、皇家戴文和德国皇家德垒斯堡、皇家巴伐利亚、麦森著名品牌

在欧美国家，数千美元一套的英国GON、法国“赛费”或德国“麦森”品牌的瓷器，是荣耀的象征，因为它们能够显示出主人的身价和格调。

，“MINTON”品牌已成历史，其“绝版”瓷器因而更具收藏价值。目前市场上仿制明顿的帕洛斯大理石白瓷器三件套即茶壶、奶缸、糖缸的售价已高达5,000元以上。

AYNSLEY(爱斯丽)为英皇室御用品牌，品名源于一瓷器制作大师的名字，其于1775年创立该品牌。

MINTON于1793年由托马斯明顿创立，它的出名作品包括奶油色和蓝印花饰土陶器、骨瓷及帕洛斯大理石白瓷器。

ROYAL CROWN DERBY (英国皇冠德比瓷)，德比是英国的一个小镇，距诺丁汉以西约30公里，它是类似于中国景德镇、德国巴伐利亚、法国里摩日这样的瓷都。DERBY生产瓷器的历史可追溯到1748年，因为该公司生产的瓷器质量相当高，英国王乔治三世在1755年授予德比公司一项极大的荣誉：即准许在其标志上使用“CROWN”(皇冠)字样。1890年，维多利亚女王特许公司以“ROYAL(皇家)冠名”，从此公司沿用了这个独特的名称：“ROYAL CROWN DERBY (英国皇冠德比瓷)”，这在英国历史上是唯一的，DERBY是第一家被皇室冠名的品牌，亦是英国最古老的瓷器品牌。

COALPORT公司因开设在COALPORT(科尔波特)郡而得名，该公司1890年生产的以印度菩提树图案的珐琅彩瓷器，已成该公司的标志，后为许多公司所仿效，无人超越。该品牌已于1967年与维基伍德合并(WADGWOOD GROUP)，COALPORT(科尔波特)这个品牌已成记忆，现收藏一件COALPORT(科尔波特)印度菩提树图案的珐琅彩瓷器已成奢望。

所有梅森作品上，举世闻名的CrossedSwords蓝剑交锋标志均为手工绘制，

西洋瓷器的购买有专卖店、其他实体店、官网、其他网络渠道、拍卖、二手小店等多种选择，每一个选择都需要相应的知识储备，同时附带随之而来的担心。
　　专卖店是最直接的渠道
　　西洋瓷器的购买渠道主要有几个方面：一是专卖店，北京和国外的专卖店都有。专卖店也能偶尔邂逅同好，去年春节在东京皇家哥本哈根的旗舰店里就碰上一个给他妈妈寻找白瓷全花边图案瓷器的台湾人。
　　一般大百货公司或者购物中心都有西洋瓷器的专柜，北京的是类似燕莎购物中心和新光天地这样的地方，国外的是类似美国梅西百货和加拿大海湾百货公司那样的地方。百货公司专柜的瓷器种类一般也是最全的，这种百货公司卖的西洋瓷器价格通常不便宜。国内的专柜很少搞促销活动，即使有，也最多八折。而据我所知，加拿大海湾百货公司经常搞活动，动不动就五折，那时候就可以出手了。有一次我碰巧去加拿大，待的时间不算长，一问销售，活动刚搞过，而下一次活动还不知道什么时候。那个销售看我很想买，就请示经理现做了五折的价格调整，当时我简直高兴坏了。刚在Costco买了20件Royal Albert 的 Old Country Rose系列的茶杯和盘子，缺一只壶，就在海湾百货公司补了，一般来说，壶在瓷器里面是比较贵的。
　　说到专卖店，德国麦森和丹麦皇家哥本哈根的北京专卖店已经关张了，巧的是，这两家的专卖店前后都在燕莎的同一个位置。记得皇家哥本哈根关张前有低至六折的优惠价格，想想真是非常划算，那会儿疯狂地囤了很多，甚至帮远在外地的瓷友囤了不少。当然了，也有外地瓷友帮我囤其他品牌的。上海瓷友偶尔发现一家小店卖Royal Doulton的老鼠杯系列瓷器，帮我买过。这个系列是皇家道尔顿和作家吉尔・巴克莲合作出品的，非常有童心童趣的瓷器，是将作家创作的《野蔷薇村的故事》里的老鼠故事搬到了瓷器上。艾伯先生一家温暖的生活完全体现在了杯碟上，孩子们冬天赏雪，夏天采蓝莓，妈妈煮饭端菜，还举办生日Party和婚礼……这组杯碟是家中小女的最爱之一。
　　我们这样互相帮忙囤货，瓷器之火当然越烧越旺，有朋友笑称简直是瓷友托拉斯。
　　专卖店之外的其他实体店，有时能找到很好的deal
　　第二个渠道就是专卖店之外的其他实体店了，比如奥特莱斯（Outlets），比如批发店，比如名品折扣店。起源于美国的Costco是一家会员制的批发店，主要销售大宗批量商品，但也卖首饰、化妆品和瓷器等日用品。如果在Costco看到英国瓷器或意大利瓷器，价格一般来说都很不错。就像我在那里买过Royal Albert 的Old Country Rose系列的20件一整套的，包括四小套，每一小套包括一个咖啡杯、托盘和三个不同尺寸的盘子。价格是200多加元，不到300加元。而我在北京的燕莎看到的Old Country Rose系列，只是其中一只大盘子就1000多元人民币，价格的差异是巨大的。在Costco买西洋瓷器的缺点是不一定能买到一套里面所有的品种，比如，想买咖啡壶、奶盅和糖罐，就不一定有，要碰。
　　而名品折扣店，不论从价格还是到品种，偶尔都能发现巨大的惊喜。比如我曾经在加拿大的Winners发现了我的第一件镂空手绘瓷篮，葡萄牙制造。还买过Wedgwood的青花带盖深盘，价格大概是原价的1/4。这几样都成为我最爱的器皿，此后也再没发现过类似的。我的Old Country Rose系列的奶盅和糖罐也是在名品折扣店配齐的。
　　网络、拍卖以及二手小店
　　此外，官网、淘宝、网络拍卖等网络渠道也越来越成为很多人购买西洋瓷器的补充选择或主要选择。新的、二手的、Vintage的、古董级别甚至博物馆级别的都能觅到芳踪，令人流连忘返、欲罢不能。实体店拍卖、二手小店，Vintage店铺甚至类似佳士得等有名的拍卖会（这个当然很需要实力了）都是购买西洋瓷器的非典型性选择。
　　我的一个瓷友从来就只从网络渠道购买二手、古董甚至博物馆级别的瓷器，不但瓷器的工艺比新品高很多，而且能觅到新品中再也没有的精美图案和别致器型。对着那些已经存续上百甚至数百年的瓷器，仿佛和十八九世纪的匠人对话，体会他们当时的一笔一触、一思考一蹙眉，其中的乐趣和享受不足为外人道吧？
　　网络购买尤其从国外网络购买，对眼力、知识、语言、判断力、决断力都有一定的要求，也会有关税和毁损的担忧，喜好总是需要知识的积累，也会伴随一些烦恼，也算甜蜜的收获和烦恼了吧！
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本文摘自中国论文网，原文地址：http://www.xzbu.com/6/view-1681223.htm

众所周知，收藏界清代珐琅彩价格居高不下，屡创新高，甚为抢手。而"青出于蓝胜于蓝"的西洋瓷器，却才刚刚引发藏家关注，价值远高于价格。
　　珐琅彩工艺远超越"瓷器鼻祖"中国的百余件英国、法国、德国古典西洋瓷,集中亮相上海拍卖行3月28日的拍卖会。其中，一件英国皇家御用AYNSLEY爱斯丽珐琅彩经典花鸟葵口盘尤为引人关注。AYNSLEY爱斯丽是骨瓷的创始者，英国皇室御用品牌。其数百年来坚持采用荷兰阿姆斯特丹出品的牛骨粉制作骨瓷，经过最高温可达1440℃、耗时最长达1个月之久的烧制。瓷胎细腻、色泽通透，画工精细、色彩鲜艳，当是AYNSLEY爱斯丽的精品。仅仅5000元的起拍价，足以显现收藏英国官窑的时机。拍品中，另有一件英王乔治三世宫廷御用银制果盆，亦是不可多得的皇家银器精品。据上海收藏家协会副会长陈克涛介绍，古典西洋瓷器、银器兼具历史价值、投资价值和收藏价值，一些著名品牌更是极具升值潜力，如今市场刚刚起步，正是收藏投资者抢占先机时。
　　据悉，在3月28日的拍卖会上还有英国AYNSLEY、COALPORT、PARAGON、HAMMERSLEY等品牌瓷器，英国维多利亚时期银制品和其他各类古董珍玩近４００件，拍卖前三天同地预展。

西洋古董的种类包括西洋家具、雕塑、银器、陶瓷、玻璃器皿、照相机、钟表和八音盒等，它们是西洋文明发展的见证，是各个时期艺术创造力、想象力、制造力凝聚的精华。据悉，大众拍卖行将在7月上旬举行的拍卖会上再次力推西洋古董艺术品，这些拍品较之以前在鉴赏价值和收藏价值方面有了进一步的提升。

引人注目的是，此次征集的西洋雕塑拍品中，既有历史人物如路易十四、路易十五的骑马雕像，又有故事人物如《巴黎圣母院》的艾丝米拉达、蝴蝶夫人的雕像，不少具有博物院级的收藏品质。其中，路易十四雕像形象地刻画了这位被称为“太阳王”的法国君主形象———他手持权杖,目光锐利威严,整个雕塑造型准确,具有明显的古典主义风格。

行家表示，西洋古董的收藏与拍卖在国内尚处于起步阶段。目前，有关西洋古董的收藏书籍十分畅销，一些古玩城里也出现了专营西洋古董的商铺,假以时日,西洋古董有望成为艺术品拍卖的新热点。

第四种情况，海外生产的针对海外市场的收藏品。这种情况比较有意思，而且也有不同的组合和相应的艺术品。以欧美常见的收藏家瓷盘为例，一种例子是国外品牌，由在海外的华人艺术家创作的，比如皇家道尔顿在1977-1980年生产的由旅美著名华人画家程及创作的中国印象水彩画收藏家瓷盘，让人看到眼前一亮。我也曾经用它作为一个特别的礼品赠送朋友，后来就一直被放在主人家的客厅里，这礼的效果可见一斑。还有一种例子是国外品牌，国外艺术家创作的中国风格艺术品。比如美国著名陶瓷雕塑艺术家爱德华马歇尔贝姆，就曾经花了两年多时间去学习，了解和准备，包括去中国景德镇访问，最后制作了一套中国传统祝福福禄寿喜收藏家瓷盘，也应该算是很特别的收藏品。类似的这种情况还包括Lenox出品，故宫博物院认证的限量高仿花瓶等等。

谢谢藏友阁的意见，加个第五种情况，就是已经被吸收西化了的，纯海外血统的中国艺术风格西方瓷器作品。这个也可以理解，在十七世纪之前，欧美还没有掌握瓷器制作的工艺，只能从中国进口。1709年德国炼金术士Johann Friedrich Bottger发现了手工生产瓷器的秘密，并建立了现在大名鼎鼎的梅森瓷器工厂，可以理解仿制和演化从中国进口的瓷器就是一个自然的选择。藏友提到的Chinoiserie应该是泛指这种模仿演化中国传统艺术的风格，具体一点说的话梅森的蓝洋葱系列，皇家哥本哈根的唐草系列，罗森泰的Le Jardin系列等等都是这种风格的杰出代表。不过当年的师傅比如中国景德镇的瓷器现在难登大雅之堂了，世界高档瓷器品牌都是当年的徒弟，实在是可惜啊。

西洋古董名瓷最具投资潜力的艺术珍品

Here is a Large Mason's Plate stating Strathmore C 4897. This 27 cm plate comes in a very good condition with some crazing at front and back but no chips or cracks R70

F. WINKLE BLUE AND WHITE ANTIQUE JUG OR PITCHER NANCY PATTERN

F. WINKLE & CO. LTD., COLONIAL POTTERY, STAFFORDSHIRE ART NOUVEAU ENGLISH ANTIQUE BLUE AND WHITE TRANSFERWARE NANCY PATTERN SEMI PORCELAIN WASH JUG OR PITCHER, MEASURES 11" HEIGHT, CIRCA 1900

This Ornately Embossed or Relief Molded Art Nouveau Wash Pitcher/Water Jug was manufactured by F. Winkle Company in the Town of Stoke, Staffordshire, England approximately 1900.
Geoffrey Godden’s Encyclopedia of marks suggests that the factory used the same cartouche mark from c.1890-1925.
Originally this jug was part of a lavatory set and was accompanied by a large wash bowl. Unfortunately over the years these sets got separated from their former set amount of pieces which usually consisted of about 8-10 pieces to compose a complete lavatory set. It measures 11" Height.
COMMENT: This Gracious Art Nouveau Wash Jug/Pitcher Flaunts A Large Floral Sprig On Both Sides. It is a great quality transferware which I prefer to call simply “blue & white” transferware and not “flow blue”. Many dealers refer to this example as "light flow blue".
Having been an ardent collector of the great dark ironstone flow blues & the very dark semi porcelain/Edwardian flow blues, I am fervent about what constitutes "real" flow blue. Too many dealers pass off any and all "blue & white" as "flow blue". This is especially evident on eBay. I am sure that those of you who know better will agree! Unfortunately this is too much of a common occurrence. Such practice is not fair to the buyer because the price difference can be phenomenal depending on the status of the piece in question. The debatable question is: when does "blue & white" transfer become "flow blue"? Firstly, "flow blue" is ''blue & white'' (transferware) that has been transfered onto an earthenware/pottery body/medium, either "ironstone" or "semi porcelain", the earlier reserved for early-mid Victorian and the later reserved for late or Edwardian flow blue.
The "darkness & intensity" of flow blue depends on the amount of cobalt ink added; the "flowing/running" appearance depends on how much chlorine was added to the glaze during the firing. (For further in-depth information about "semi porcelain", "blue & white transferware" & "flow blue transferware", go to Home page, click Media and read our published articles).
Today many collectors use these wonderful objects of the past as collector/decorator items to accessorize the country charm at the cottage. These objects work like a good marriage with primitives & primitive furniture.
Many if not most of these ornate lavatory pieces were produced during the Victorian Era to accommodate the bedroom of the more affluent household when of course there was no running water and flushing toilets. A Ewer Set (Jug & Basin) always graced the Wash Stand in every bedroom such that the persons awakening or retiring could wash themselves after having used the other accessory pieces. The more ornately molded and high quality transfer pieces always were found in the more affluent household whereas the heavy plain white ironstone was to be found more so in the countryside household.
CONDITION: This Fabulous Decorative Jug/Pitcher is in excellent condition!
F. WINKLE & COMPANY HISTORY
Originally this factory was begun by Winkle & Wood who began building this factory in 1888 and opened it in 1890 which they called the Colonial Pottery Works which was located at Stoke, Staffordshire, England.
F. Winkle worked at the Colonial Pottery outlet whereas Wood continued at the Pearl Pottery Works at Hanley, Staffordshire, England where both originally operated in partnership with Hines from 1885-1890. The F. Winkle Company existed from 1890-1931. Over the course of some forty years, they used several cartouche marks.
The F. Winkle Company was renowned for their very good quality transfer ware and quality clay composition. Their semi porcelain was high quality and was not prone to crazing or staining and their glazes were also high quality. One of their most popular blue & white patterns was called Togo which is absolutely gorgeous. Many of the pieces bordered on being considered flow blue because of the darkness and intensity of the cobalt blue color. “Togo” pattern was also transferred in a beautiful deep pink which the French call “Vieux Rose”.

Crown Ducal was created by the A.G. Richardson & Co. Ltd of England in 1915. The company produced a wide variety of tableware. In 1974 the factory was bought by Wedgewood but as of 2010 the older patterns are still in demand.

Read more: What Is the Value of Crown Ducal Plates? | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/facts_7168851_value-crown-ducal-plates_.html#ixzz2FBsUx1S4

Read more: What Is the Value of Crown Ducal Plates? | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/facts_7168851_value-crown-ducal-plates_.html#ixzz2FBsEpIw2

The name Crown Ducal originated in 1916. It was used by A.G. Richardson and Co., Ltd., of Tunstall and Cobridge, England, on some pieces of their porcelain. While collectors are drawn to many of the Crown Ducal patterns, some of the label's most famous and valuable motifs are the 1930s, Art Deco-inspired designs of Charlotte Rhead. Knowing which Crown Ducal pattern you own is a matter of doing some research into the maker's extensive design catalogue.

Check your piece for a pattern number. Look at the underside of your china and see if a pattern identification number is stamped there. Use that number to find the pattern name with which it corresponds. The website "Crown Ducal by Charlotte Rhead" shows the numbers and pattern names associated with Crown Ducal's most famous designer.

Look through china collectors' guidebooks. Take a trip to your library or book store and look at the illustrations in books about collectible china. See if your pattern matches any of those shown. There are books devoted solely to the work of Rhead, including "Collecting Rhead Pottery" by Bernard Bumpus and "Clarice Cliff and Her Contemporaries: Susie Cooper, Keith Murphy, Charlotte Rhead and the Carlton Ware Designers" by Helen Cunningham. You can also find general china guides that include sections on Crown Ducal. You may have to go through several books to see multiple examples of Crown Ducal patterns. Examples of books that mention the manufacturer are "English Transferware: Popular 20th Century Patterns" by Joe Keller and Mark Gibbs and "Collectible Cups & Saucers" by Jim Harran and Susan Harran.

Use the service of a china and glass replacement company. China and glass replacement services deal with and have knowledge of many makers and patterns. The company Replacements Ltd. offers a free pattern identification service. Send them pictures of the front and back of your china via email, fax or regular mail, and they will research the pattern. Also, the company's website features many pictures of china patterns. Do a search for Crown Ducal and compare your piece to what you find online.

Compare your piece to others in the marketplace. An effective method for finding the name of your pattern is by comparing it to others that are for sale and have been identified. Because of its large and ever-changing inventory, the auction site eBay is a good resource for this identification method. Hunt for the key words "Crown Ducal" and look at the pictures. Often, you will find an exact match for your dish. Look in both the ongoing and completed auctions. Besides giving a name to your pattern, this research method lets you know what people are willing to pay for pieces comparable to those you own.

Read more: How to Identify Crown Ducal Patterns | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/how_8278461_identify-crown-ducal-patterns.html#ixzz2FBpV8HMu

Bavarian fine china, or porcelain, began to be produced in southern Germany in the late 1800s and early 1900s, and followed the European china trend of...

Bavaria is a region within today's Germany, near Austria and Switzerland. For several centuries, Bavaria has produced exquisite china items that are highly collectible today. Does this Spark an idea?

Bavarian china is still highly collectible today, especially antique varieties. For example, individual pieces that are more than 50 years old can sell for a few hundred dollars, while pieces a century or more old are priced in the thousands of dollars.

Read more: What Is Bavarian China? | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/facts_5576359_bavarian-china.html#ixzz2FBxdTwTX

The Wade name has been associated with fine pottery since the 1800s. It all started in 1810 with George Wade & Sons, Ltd. Later in the century John Wade started his company, Wade & Co., making teapots and "go-withs".

The firm of Myott, Son & Co. Limited, a typical family run business based in the Staffordshire Potteries, England, operated in one form or another for 93 years. Established in 1898, the factory traded to 1902 at the Alexander Pottery, Stoke-on-Trent, Wolfe Street (sometimes referred to as the Wolfe Street Pottery). The Alexander Pottery was founded in the early part of the nineteenth century and was taken over by George Thomas Mountford in 1888 producing earthenware goods. Myott’s produced earthenware from three ovens, the company having been set-up with family funding by one Ashley Myott, at the incredibly young age of nineteen, after the death of his boss Mountford. Thus making him the youngest independent potter of the period.

Ashley Myott, who’s family originated in Switzerland, was soon partnered in business by his brother Sydney Myott (up until then holding only part-time status within the company) as demand for Myott ware rapidly increased. The brothers then moved to a purpose built five-oven factory - the Brownfield's Works in Cobridge, north of Stoke-on-Trent - extending their works to the adjacent Upper Hanley pottery (purchased from Grimwades) in 1925 to form collectively the Alexander Potteries.

In 1949 the company moved to the larger Crane Street Pottery, Hanley (perhaps as a result of the fire) and in 1969 were bought out by Interpace an American corporation based in Parsippany, New Jersey, who were at the time the largest manufacturer of tableware in the USA. The Myott name was retained and in 1976 the company merged with Alfred Meakin Ltd, who were based in Tunstall, to form Myott-Meakin Ltd. In 1989 the name Myott-Meakin (Staffordshire) Ltd. was adopted as a result of an acquisition by Melton Modes. In June 1991 the company was ‘swallowed’ by the Churchill Group of potteries.

Hand-painted cup and saucer in the eight-sided shape. There is a Foley/Crocus Ixia mark on the underside. (Also available in the Magnolia pattern on a pink background, the Pink pattern in the grey background)

(E. Brain & Co. has, through its Foley China line, has been offering fine bone china and porcelain items since 1903. The quality of design and the craftmanship of Foley China have successfully withstood the changes in fashions and can still add style and elegance to our present homes. This company is now part of the Wedgwood Group.)

Royal Albert bone china from England is the world's most popular bone china. It is easily recognised by its beautiful floral designs and has collected a devoted following around the world.

Royal Albert china dates back to 1896, when Thomas Wild of T.C Wild & Sons moved his china production to the Albert China Works in Stoke-on-Trent.

The factory was not named after Queen Victoria's consort, as is often assumed, but for the prince who later became King George VI - the father of Queen Elizabeth II.

Back in 1897, the company made its mark - and impressed a queen of England - by producing pieces to commemorate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee.

It still produces figurine, brooches and plaques today and its most recent collection was designed to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Royal Albert marque itself.

Hollinshead & Kirkham, otherwise known as H & K Tunstall (1870 - 1956) were originally from Burslem in Staffordshire, UK (1870 - 1876) and moved their pottery works to nearby Tunstall in 1876. In 1890 they took over the Unicorn Works pottery. The pottery was incorporated into the Johnson Bros Group in 1956.

In the early 1920's designer Harold Growcott joined the pottery and designed a range of hand-painted designs on porcelain. The designs featured an abstract background painted in two or more colours, on top of which bold fruit or floral designs were painted. These designs were known as the "Delicious Dozen", although there were actually fourteen different pattern designs. Some of these pattern names are Anemone, Autumn, Gaiety, Iris, Lucia, Luscious, Panola, Primula, Tulip Time and Viola. These patterns are sometimes unfairly described as "the poor man's Moorcroft". These patterns were mostly produced between both World Wars.

Margaret Medley`s "The Chinese Potter. A practical history of Chinese ceramics." ISBN 0 7148 2593 X.

1. Large porcelain items may have some warping at the edges and sagging in the middle. 2. Center of turned porcelain bases should have a protrusion (nipple) on the top and bottom. 3. Glaze can contain a variety of random large and small bubbles, although some imperial items can have similar sized smaller bubbles. a. Antique porcelain can have large and small random bubbles and or very large solitary bubbles. b. Newer porcelains usually have consistent size bubbles throughout the glaze. c. Antique Ming porcelain will usually have a thick glaze without stenciling marks being obvious. d. Qing porcelain will have stencil marks evident through a thinner glaze appearing as a groove or indentation under the painting. e. Antique porcelain will appear discolored or cloudy when looking through it when viewed in front of a bright light. 4. Porcelain should be of the highest quality usually without cracks. a. imperial porcelain clay appears glassy at the exposed areas where new porcelain appears opaque and or chalky looking. b. Some crackle can appear on over-glaze colors and in clear glazes of older wares and may include black flecks. 5. Footrims should have a slight brownish red color on unglazed areas from iron leaching out or from the saggars during the kiln firing. a. Porcelain base colors can shade from bone color to dark reddish brown. 1. The lighter the brown color staining the higher the quality the porcelain and saggar clay. 2. The darker the brown color usually means poorer quality porcelain clay and or saggar clay. b. Bases on vases sometimes have large glazed spots on the bottom underside from interior glaze leakage through drying cracks. c. Foot-rims can have sand adhering to them, especially on the sides. 1. Base cracking can occur during the drying stage or kiln firing on older porcelains and is not necessarily a flaw. 2. Imperial foot rims are often filed flat before or after kiln firing to keep the item from rocking back and forth when being used. 6. Blurring of the design can occur from kiln overheating and can occur outside or inside usually on the sides. 7. Heaping and piling is often present on antique porcelains. a. Underglaze blue is often burned black, silver or brown where it breaks through the glaze and is exposed to oxygen. b. Fakes often can simulate heaping or piling, refer to item a, above. 8. Imperial porcelain should have a overall beauty and look of being made by a professional. a. Flowers and trees should look freely painted as though you can see the wind blowing them. b. Branches should contain curves and not straight lines and end in a complete breakage. c. Foliage should be evenly spaced throughout the porcelain and be finely painted with multi colored leaves and branches. d. Dragon scales or bird feathers should be curved and painted in, not straight just lines with dots e. Dragon teeth should be pointed and not flat like horse teeth. f. Dragons should appear flowing and powerful, not stiff looking. g. Designs should not contain mismatched animals, dragons or plants that do not belong together. h. Concentric curves should be parallel and without crossover or running together especially on waves. i. Birds should have their feet wrapped around branches, they should look realistic. j. People should look at each other and express some kind of emotion as though they are interacting with each other, not staring off into space. h. Always look for the most perfectly painted art possible which will usually have one or more flaws. i. Examine a porcelain as though it is a fine oil painting and disqualify the ones that appear to be painted fast and poorly. 9. Marks should be centered on the design of the porcelain so when reading the mark and flipping 180 degrees the front should be centered. a. always look for high quality marks when possible, these were painted by professionals, check them with photos of museum porcelain marks. b. carved marks should look professionally made and straight and uniform. c. Marks can have similar characters but be painted several different ways and styles that should match the style and type of porcelain they are on. d. Always look for solid painted lines of a mark. Hollow lines or missing parts of a line can point to new item. e. Remember that even though marks can be flawed they can still be on Imperial porcelain. f. Painting on porcelain is said to be like painting on chalk so look at the mark and porcelain the same way. g. Look for micro use scratches on any old porcelain, especially in non-handled areas. h. Impressed marks were often used by the Japanese on porcelain to imitate the Chinese. i. The Chinese did carve or impress marks on items made to copy older archaic styles. 10. Because electric light was not present long ago, ancient colors will seem different in natural light unlike new colors. This is especially noticeable with Ding yao porcelain and other white wares. When seen during daylight hours they will appear one color and as night falls will gradually change color and appear a totally different color hue from very slight impurities within the clear glaze. Color can change from white to a dark amber color or have a red hue when seen from different angles. 11. The more perfectly made the porcelain is, the higher degree that it's imperial and conversely the thicker and more poorly made the porcelain is the better chance its not imperial. a. The above statement excludes warping and porcelain firing cracks which is actually a good thing to see. 12. Some porcelains can take years to make from start to finish, These include over glaze types such as Doucai, Fencai, Wucai etc. a. Imperial clays are mixed and left to ferment for up to seven years before use. b. Porcelains can be left to dry for up to a year before painting and kiln firing. c. Several years can pass before one vase will be completed even though several hundred were actually made at one time, and hundreds may have been destroyed for each successful vase made. d. Over-glaze porcelains may be fired many many times to fix all the colors before completion, each time this can add more color to the iron stain on the base or foot. 13. There is a major difference between Imperial workshop porcelains and all other porcelains. a. Imperial workshop porcelain is made of the best clay and glazes. b. The painting on Imperial porcelain can be so perfect it looks like a modern decal, except there is depth to the vivid color and glaze on the antique ones. c. The best Chinese artists were used at the Imperial workshop so look for the most beautiful items. d. Imperial porcelain is often very glassy looking and very smooth to the touch. e. Any handles or finials should look finely carved or painted. 14. Imported cobalt ore appears bright purplish blue when viewed from a digital image of the item. The blue pops out like a neon light when photographed. a. Look for thicker lines that appear more blurry especially along the bottoms rather than clean crisp lines. b. Any antique should have small use scratches from being used or handled. Every item that I have listed to identify porcelain does have its exceptions and or caveats. Education is really the key to knowing Imperial porcelain. I would always suggest buying excellent books with large color photos of the items with marks. Also it would help to take a pottery making class or two to really understand the actual processes involved in making porcelains. I would like to say please avoid T/L testing of porcelains if at all possible. High fired porcelain along with X-rays have really destroyed the ability to test some porcelain. You are left with the possibly of a genuine antique porcelain with drill holes which render it almost worthless, along with the loss of the cost of testing and time involved.

This is a very decorative and highly collectible antique opera glasses / binoculars by Lemaire Fabt Paris, decorated with fine mother-of-pearl and made from high quality brass. These beautiful opera glasses come with original storage sachet. The piece is signed with “Lemaire Fabt Paris” as mother-of-pearl application and is in best original condition and will therefore make a lovely addition to your collection of unique and wonderful antiques!

German description: antikes Opernglas aus Paris von “Lemaire Fabt Paris Opera Glass Binoculars“ mit Perlmutt; hergestellt mit Perlmutt und Messing; hochwertiger, antiker Operngucker mit Original Schutzsackerl und signiert mit Lemaire Fabt Paris“ in Perlmutt; hochwertigstes Sammlerstck in 1A Originalzustand; datiert um 1900.

此望远镜上面镶嵌着珍珠母贝，且珍珠母贝保存完好。天然美观。通过中间的旋钮调节焦距，非常清晰，具实用极观赏价值。并有原装皮套一个。喜欢的别错过哦。

西洋古董名瓷 最具投资潜力的艺术珍品

F. WINKLE BLUE AND WHITE ANTIQUE JUG OR PITCHER NANCY PATTERN

西洋古董名瓷最具投资潜力的艺术珍品